TALPA
References
Lambert Moll (1620 AD),Dutch settler in Manhattan

NORTHUMBRIA

AETHELWALD and AETHELRED MOLL
KINGS of the SAXONS

Some remarks about the early relationship between Danish,German,Dutch and English people.
Simeon of Durham between 1104 - 1108 wrote about these Moll´s in (Historia ecclesiae Dunelmensis)

Essay by Warnar Moll
Introduction

Anglo-Saxons tribes, who lived in the North-West of Germany (near Sleeswijk-Holstein),Friesland and alongside the river Ijssel in the Netherlands, were the first to conquer the British Isle (441 AD) after Julius Ceasar, and a few years before Atilla leads Huns into Italy.
The term "Anglo-Saxon" goes back to the time of King Alfred the Great, who seems to have frequently used the title rex Anglorum Saxonum or rex Angul-Saxonum. The origin of this title is not quite clear. It is generally believed to have arisen from the final union of the various kingdoms under Alfred in 886. Bede (Historia Ecclesiae i. 15) states that the people of the more northern kingdoms (East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, &c.) belonged to the Angli, those of Essex, Sussex and Wessex were sprung from the Saxons, while those of Kent and southern Hampshire from the Jutes. The Saxons establish colony in Essex and the Angles forming the Kingdom of Northumbriain the Northumbria.
Some of them are supposed to be related to an angel-saxon "royal" family occasionally (sur)-named Moll. Those Moll´s ruled as Saxon tyrants in Northumbria. During the reign of Charlesmagne some of them went back to the lower countries (Veluwe).

The last Romano-Britain battle against Anglo-Saxon was at Badon Hill 490 AD.
The Kingdom of Mercia founded (the part of England east of Wales) was established in the year 595.

About 787 AD the Viking raids on Britain begin. In 910 the Danes (Vikings) were defeated by Edward the Elder, King of the Angles and Saxons, who gain London and Oxford.

coin
Coin of King Eadberht ("EDIBEREATUS")


Angel-Saxons in Northumbria

Since the Iron Age, about 1000 BC, Teutons (= Dutch,the Old-Saxian substantive "Thiudisk") lived in North-West Germany and The Netherlands (in particular Saxon tribes such as the Warneri, Bructeri,Tubanti and Picts). They also lived in Danmark. In the IIIth and IVth century the Saxons ( Latin = Saxones, sword-brothers knife-men or knife-brothers) lived between the river Ijssel East Netherland and "The Veluwe" and the river Elbe Germany.The "Saxe" (= knife) was the Saxons' "trademark", and, indeed, part of their pagan religion. For some reason they migrated towards the lower countries and the British Islands and together with their brothers and cousins, the Angles, they successfully pushed away the Celts.

Other Germanic tribes on the area of today's Mecklenburg are the "Longobarden" and the "Semnonen". They usually made trouble with other german tribes such as the Franks who claimed the same region in the lower countries.
They were rivals. Remarkably, this competition still continues up to the present ! Furthermore, among relatives of the Saxons and the Franks in the Netherlands a distinct difference in the pronunciation of Dutch language can be found to day.


"Saxon life" in the lower countries ± 400 AD (REF 1)

The Saxons were praised by the Romans (Caesar and Tacit) for their high manners and morals but feared, due to their bellicosity.

Every Saxon man, woman or child was buried with a knife. Even small children were buried with knives that they wouldn't have been able to use for another 4-5 years had they lived. The Saxons saw to it that their dead would not be defenseless in the next world, as the English (their descendents) saying goes: "you never know ......".

The Saxons converted to Christianity from their pagan religion soon after they came to England, and by 700 or 800 AD, they were sending missionaries to convert their cousins back in Germany. As Christians, they no longer followed the old customs mentioned above quite as much.


Early Saxon Sword

Originally, their homeland was Sleeswijk Holstein, Mecklenburg (Warnemunde near the river Warnov), Friesland and the region surrounding the Baltic sea. They were feared for their knife-fightings. After the departure of the Romans, (the Roman Comes Britanniae) in the year 410 AD (or 449 AD), the Saxons and Anguls (Angulsaexan) were invitated by the King of Kent to fight against the Picts and the Scots, (German tribes). After the Picts and the Scots were droven to the North, the Angelsaxon tribes settled themselves in England. The Saxons conquered the southern part and they never went back to their original homeland. The heroic KING ARTHUR, the Celtic King with his Brittons tried to overrule the Saxons (which were in their eyes but pagans). Unfortunately, in the Battle of Camlan 537 AD, which put an end to the Knights of the Round Table, King Arthur lost his life. KING ARTHUR is said to have disappeared after the battle of Camlan, and to have never been seen again. Now the Angels settled in Northumbria and Mercia, while the Saxons settled in the South East towards the river Thames. They ruled for over 400 years in Britain. A large Anglo-Saxon Kingdom covering almost all of the thinly populated north country.
Northumbria arose out of the amalgamation of two precursor states, Bernicia and Deira. It was further enhanced by the conquest of Rheged, adjacent to the Irish Sea, in the early 7th century. Ultimately though, (starting under the Reign of Aethelwald Moll) it could not contain the onslaught of the Norse raiders in the 8th and 9th centuries, and it was eventually replaced by a Viking Kingdom at York.
The verb "Saxon" now adays occurs in Countries like : Sussex, Essex, Middlesex, Wessex (South Saxon, East Saxon, Middle Saxon, West Saxon). (In Dutch = Sassen or Saksen). In the Netherlands the city "Sassenheim" or "Saxenheim" (= Home of the Saxons) has been established by the Saxons. To day, many relatives of those early Saxons still can be found in the Dutch provinces of Overijssel and Gelderland. It is also suggested that the name Shakespeare is derived from Saxberht (=who has a knife). Genetic evidence has pointed out a remarkable similarity of the Y-chromosome between the recent population of men in Northumbria, in Friesland, and other parts of The Netherlands.





England before the Norman (Viking,Wiking, Danish) conquest.Northumbria is divided into two parts: BERNICIA (north-) and DEIRA (south-) and they were joined together in 617. Under the reign of the Saxon King Aethelwald Moll (Aethelwald = "Adelwoud or Ewout" a cruel tyrant), and King of the Angelsaxons over the two parts of Northumbria ,the Vikings invade Brittain for the first time. There are some indications that the Angel-Saxon Kings are related to the Merovingers,[Charles the Great, Karel de Grote: Charlemagne]. In a letter (± 785 AD) Charlemagne warns Aethelred Moll.

In the battle of Cadwinskip (759 AD) Aethelwald Moll defeated the Duke Oswin. In 765 Aethelwald Moll lost the battle of Winchenhal and then Ahlred, son of Canwin became the King. In 774, a son of Aethelwald, named Aethelred Moll, succeeded Ahlred. However, in 779 he was defeated and took his way to the King of the Picts, Talorgen (778-782) son of Drust . In 790 Aethelred returned. From that moment a periode of suppression, violence murder and manslaugther started.The devastation of the Christian British Isles by the pagan Norse and Danes began in 795AD with the plunder of Lindisfarne. During that time, the Vikings already were landed but they were defeated first by Aethelred Moll. However, due to local troubles, Aethelred Moll was murdered 796 (see below) by his own men (under the command of Cardulf). In 797 the murder on Aethelwald was revenged by Ealdorman "Thorthmund".

Sources can be found in a historical letter of Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus (Alcuin, York 735 - Tours 804), Abott of Canterbury, friend and advisor of Charles the Great:

Epistel 29, opera, pg 1537, (785 AD): A warning to Aethelred Moll I (" The usurpator ") from Charles the Great :

"De antiqua amitica - de fidei veritate - de pacis concordia - quam habere debitis inter vos (= Aethelred Moll) , quia amicitia quae deseri potest, NUNQUAM VERE FUIT" !

The Saxon kept some of the Roman style of life. Some archeological discoveries suggest that at Canterbury Roman and Saxon cultures coexisted without the destruction experienced in most parts of the country. This probably made St. Augustine and his Roman missionaries more at home than anticipated. Furthermore, the reader has to know that blood-vengeance among Saxon tribes and family-members was legal and practised for generations !

LIST of SOME ANGEL-SAXON KINGS of Northumbria and Britain. Some of them are supposed to be related to an angel-saxon "royal" family occasionally (sur)-named Moll. Those Moll´s ruled as Saxon tyrants in Northumbria. Manslaughter was practised almost daily. See also List of KINGS: KING CHART NORTHUMBRIA

Aethelferth - 593 - 617 -son of Aethelric,
Edwin - 617 -  633 (632?) -son of Aelle, he joined Deira and Bernicia : Northumbria
Osric - 633 - 634 - (Edwin's cousin)

Oswald - 634 - 642 - King of Northumbria ,a son of Aethelfrith. It is assumed that he, Oswald, is an ancestor of Aelthelwald Moll (see below)

A half-brother of Oswald was Oswin, King of Deira: < St. Oswin, King of Deira (AD -AD 651) King of Deira Born: AD Died: 20th August AD 651 St. Oswin grew up in the political turmoil of early 7th century Northumbria. In AD 633, his father, Osric, had managed to secure the crown of Deira (modern Yorkshire) after the death of his cousin, King Edwin of Northumbria, at the Battle of Hatfield Chase. Bernicia was taken by his rival, Eanfrith, but, within a year, both men had been massacred by their enemy, the Northern Welsh and Mercians who were sweeping across the Country. The young Oswin fled to safety in Wessex. While Oswin grew into a burly young man, Eanfrith's half-brother, Oswald was accepted by both Bernicia and Deira as King of a united Northumbria and he drove off their south-western invaders. He married the daughter of the King of Wessex in AD 635, but there is no evidence of his making trouble for Oswin. Seven years later, however, Oswald was dead. His brother, Oswiu, became King of Bernicia, but was rejected by the Deirans who recalled Oswin in AD 644. He may have made his peace with the Mercians at this time and used their armies to assert his rights in the north.

When Edwin, King of Northumbria, died in 632, Eanfrith succeeded to Bernica and Osric to Deira. They each only reigned a year before Oswald, Eanfrith's brother, took the whole of Northumbria under his crown. In 641, he was slain by King Penda of Mercia, and was succeeded in Bernica by his brother Oswui and in Deira by Oswine (who follows).

Oswine, king of Deira and Saint ,20 August 651 killed on Oswiu's orders (who follows)


Oswiu- 642 (or 641) - 670 - brother of Oswald

- Under his reign Saint Willibrord was born in Northumberland.
Saint Willibrord (c.657 - c.738) was an English missionary, known as the Apostle to the Frisians in modern Netherlands.

Ecgfrith 670 - 685 - son of Oswiu
Aldfrith - 685 - 705 - son of Oswiu and an Irish Princess.
Osred - 705 - 716 - son of Aldfrith
Coenred 716 - 718
Osric - 718-29 -  son of Aldfrith
Ceolwulf - 729 -37 

Eadbriht (Moll ?) - 738-58 also spelt Eadbeorht (Egbert).

758-759 Oswulf - son of Eadbriht and possibly murdered by his brother Aethelwald Moll (who follows),a distant relative of Oswin of Deira(died: 20th August AD 651).

Aethelwald Moll I -759-65 - The Deiran patrician, (rather tyrant) Aethelwald Moll, who probably conspired in the regicide (= murder of Kings), seizes the throne and dynastic stife ! Sources disagree on when he became king. He is supposed to be a descendant of Oswald, King of Northumbria / Deira.

761 - King Aethelwald Moll I of Northumbria, the tyrant, faces a rebellion under a rival claimant to the throne named Oswin.
The latter is defeated after the three day Battle of Eildon (Eldunum near Mailros). A Bernician revolt lead by throne claimant Prince Oswin was crushed and Oswin killed by false claimant Aethelwald Moll. In this year the Bernician leader Oswin was murdered by the Deiran Aethelwald Moll of Catterick at a place called Edwinscliffe on the borderland between the BERNICIA and NORTHUMBRIA (County Durham) . The duration of the battle suggest it had something of the character of a siege, and this in turn that a well-defended strong-hold was involved, possibly the fort on Eildon Hill North. Note: Some (Irish) sources indicate: On 761 (6 Aug) AEdwiresclif Moll, King of N'bria beat Oswine, King of Deira.



761:
King Aethelwald Moll (or Aethelwold ) of Northumbria marries his Queen, Aethelthrith, at Catterick. Aethelwald Moll KING OF NORTHUMBRIA: Died ABT 765

765-74 -Alhred, his name is also written as Ealhred, or Elchred, (in English = Earle)

774 - Unrest in the Northumbrian Church appears to lead to the expulsion of King Elchred who is driven from York. He sails from Bamburgh into exile amongst the Picts. He is replaced by Aethelred Moll I, the eleven year old son of the late King Aethelwald I Moll of Northumbria.

774-778 Aethelred Moll = Ealhred (Ethelred, Alcred, Aedelred), son of Aethelwald Moll I

778- 89  Aelfwold I  - - son of Osulf

779 - Offa, King of Mercia, becomes "King of All England". Offa defeats King Cynewulf of Wessex at the Battle of Bensington and seizes control of Berkshire, and probably London as well.
He is succeeded by his son, Aethelbert. King Aethelred I of Northumbria is driven from the kingdom by Prince Aelfwald, son of the late King Oswulf who takes the throne as Aelfwald I.


Silver coin of King Aethelred I Moll (read Aedilred)



789-90 -Osred II, son of Alhred

790-796, Aethelred Moll I (second reign) - son of Aethelwald Moll of Northumbria.

792 - King Aethelred Moll I of Northumbria marries Princess Aelfflaed, daughter of King Offa of Mercia, at Catterick. Unrest in Northumbria tempts the exiled King Osred II back to his kingdom from the Isle of Man. His supporters dessert him and he is killed by King Aethelred's men at Aynburg. He is buried at Tynemouth Priory. King Offa of Mercia arranges coastal defences to fend off Viking attacks. Children :

Aethelred I KING OF NORTHUMBRIA x Elfleda OF MERCIA
Married Tuesday 29 September 792
Aethelred I murdered thursday 18 April 796, Corbridge,near HADRIAN's WaLL


Hadrian´s Wall, length 60 km

792 The Frankish King Charlemagne sends a faulty Latin translation of the acts of the Seventh Oecumenical Council to the kings and bishops of Britain.

793 Vikings invade Britain for the first time in a surprise attack on the monastic community at Lindisfarne (Holy Island).

794 First Viking raids in the Hebrides. Raid on Wearmouth and Jarrow.

In the same year, Charlemagne (Charles the Great) convenes a council in Frankfurt-in-Main, attended by clergy from Britain and envoys of Pope . This council marks the beginning of the alienation of Frankish Christianity from the Apostolic and Patristic Tradition of Orthodox Christianity, by rejecting the decrees of the Seventh Oecumenical Council (largely based on a faulty Latin translation) and inserting the Filioque into the Symbol of Faith (Creed).

795 Viking raids on Iona, Inishbofin,Inishmurray, Skye and Rathlin.

796 - King Offa of Mercia and King Charlemagne of the Franks seal a trading agreement and a marriage alliance is proposed. However, King Offa dies soon afterward. He is buried at Bedford and succeeded for a short time by his son, Egfrith, and then a distant cousin, Coenwulf. Prince Edbert Praen leaves the church, returns to Kent and claims his throne. One Edwald proclaims himself King of East Anglia, but is later ousted by King Coenwulf of Mercia. Direct rule from Mercia is re-established.
King Aethelred Moll I of Northumbria is murdered, probably at Corbridge, near Hadrian´s Wall, by Ealdormen, Eldred and Wada. However, Ealdorman Torhtmund slays Eldred in revenge. The kingdom is plunged into confusion. The Patrician Osbald is placed on the throne, but is deserted by his supporters after only twenty-seven days (see below) . He flees from Lindisfarne to Pictland. Another faction, brings back King Aethelred I's old back-from-the-dead rival, Erdwulf, as King. King Erdwulf dismisses his wife and publicly takes a concubine. He is alienated from Archbishop Eanbald II of Canterbury. King Coenwulf of Mercia gives protection to Erdwulf's enemies. The Yorkist Scholar, Alcuin, is made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by King Charlemagne of the Franks.

[ 796 Death of Offa, King of Mercia, and end of Mercian supremacy in England.]

796 Osbald - he was king of Northumbria for less than a month.

799 - Death of the former King Osbald of Northumbria as an Abbot in exile. He is buried in York. King Erdwulf of Northumbria worried about further rivals and has Ealdorman Moll, probably a relation (brother ?) of the late King Aethelwald Moll, killed.

799-806 Eardwulf (Moll ?)  and 808-10, - probably a son of Aethelred Moll I (though uncertain).

Aelfwold II - 806-8
Eanred - 810-41 - son of Eardwulf
Aethelred II - 841-44  and 844-8- son of Eanred (not to be confused with Aethelred the unready, 978-1016 AD)
Redwulf - 844 - (usurper)
Osbeorht 848-63

Probably a Grandson of King Aethelred Moll I was a certain King Aethelred II of Northumbria , who, c.846 - sends military assistance to the Picts in their fight against invading Scots. He was assassinated about 848.

Originally the word "Dutch" is the Old-Saxian substantive "Thiudisk".
The same word occurs in other languages :

Flemish (Old Dutch) = Diets or Duutsch or Duytsch Gothic = Diudisko, Diuda
Old Norwegian = Djode
Old Frisian = Thyad (Thyode)
Old Irish = Tuaths
German = Teutons
Lithuanian = Tauta
Old English (before Shakespeare)= Deod
Latin = Toutonus
Danish = Thythesaxl

Literature

(1) Lennep, Jacob van, Prof. Willem MOLL, J. ter Gouw: "Nederlands geschiedenis en volksleven".
Leiden; 1878, 1880; A.W. Sijthoff.

REFERENCES (weblinks)
1 Anglo-Saxons
2 Bernicia: North of the River Humber (Northumbria= Nordan hymbroron= Northern Germany )
3 Moll, Kings of Anglo-Saxon England
4 King Arthur. Explorations in the History and Legends of Arthur
5 King Arthur. Mol-tree Venhuizen.Website
6 King Arthur People
7 AngloSaxon England: 688-802
8 The Anglo-Saxon Net
9 KING CHART NORTHUMBRIA
10 Northumbria. Simeon of Durham about Aethelwald Moll