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<>><<>><<>> TURKISTAN NEWSLETTER ISSN: 1386-6265 <<>><<>><<>
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<>><<>><<>> Editor/Manager: Mehmet Tutuncu <<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>> Business: H. Savas, S.Bogut <<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>> Features: I. Noyan-Izmirli, Y. Puersuen <<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>> Associate Editors: A. Baguirov, Z. Kadir <<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>> Technical: T. Ates, K. Cagiltay <<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>> Editorial Board: Dr.T.Kocaoglu, Dr. M. Hubey <<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>
<>><<>><<>><<>> Vol: 97-1:3 2 June 1997 <<>><<>><<>><<>><<>
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Uze kok tengri asra yagiz yer kilintukta ekin ara kisi ogli kilinmis.
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In memoriam Marat Mulukov
1) TRH News Roundup
1.1) Turco (TR)-Armenian Protocol Signed
1.2) Helicopter Project
1.3) German Plane Proposal
1.4) Vehbi Koc Chair in Turkish (TR) Studies at Harvard
2) Book Announcement: Caucasus, edited by Antero Leitzinger
3) RFE/RL News & More: Yanki Puersuen
3.0) Compuserve Access Phone Number in Tashkent
3.0.1) Announcement-- Help from Kazak Speakers
3.0.2) Help neeeded and translation offer from a Kazak Student
3.1) Books in Latin Alphabet for Turkmen Schools
3.2) Bashkortostan Wants Cooperation
3.3) World Bank Grants Loans to Turkmenistan
3.4) Azerbaycanda Ozellestirme Atagi
3.5) Email Service to Turkmenistan
3.6) Uzbekistan Orders New Airplanes
3.7) Uzbek Homepage in Germany
4) Uyghurs executed in China -- AP
5) Black Sea Fleet and Crimean Tatars
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In Memoriam Marat Mulukov
We just have learned that The chairman of Tatar Ichtmai Uzegi (Tatar
Socio-political Center) mr. Marat Mulukof has passed away in Kazan. Mr.
Mulukof was 60 years, and was one of the founders of the Tatar National
Movement in 1988. He has died from a heart attack on 26 May 1997. Serving
as a chairman of the Tatar Socio-Political Center and deputy in the Tatar
Parliament, he won great respect among the Tatar people.
Despite the fact that the Tatar Socio-Political Center had some internal
problems in past few years, it still continued to be on of the most active
Tatar political organizations favouring independence of Tatarstan. Mr.
Mulukof worked in last years under harsh political envrionment. Lat year he
was physically assaulted by unkown people, which caused psychological and
physical damage to his health.
We send our condolences to all Tatar people.
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
1) TRH News Roundup
1.1) REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND ARMENIA SIGN JOINT PROTOCOL
In the middle of June the heads of the Turkish and Armenian Atomic
Energy Institutions will sign a joint security protocol on the Medsamor
nuclear power plant in Armenia. The signing ceremony will be held in
the aftermath of bilateral meetings in Vienna on June 11-12. The
protocol will entail joint responsibilities in education, seismic
research and emergency plans. The cooperation between the two countries
in ensuring the nuclear plant's security is designed to define Turkey's
role in the event of a possible nuclear accident in Medsamor which lies
only 14 km away from the Turkish-Armenian border. /All papers/
1.2) GIANT HELICOPTER PRODUCTION PROJECT FOR TR
The Defence Ministry is working on a big new defence sector project
for the domestic production of military helicopters primarily for use by
the Turkish Armed Forces. During the next six months, foreign producers
will be asked to put forward their options for a joint production deal.
The initial plan is for a first batch of 150 helicopters and the
outlay will be three billion dollars. Because conventional weapons
agreements limit Turkey to 103 military helicopters, the remaining 47
will have to be deployed in areas not included in the agreements.
/Hurriyet/
1.3) GERMAN PLANE PRODUCTION PROPOSAL FOR TR
The German DASA plane production group has proposed to the Turkish
government that Turkey could share in a training plane production deal
that also includes the US Rockwell company.
If the deal goes through, the DASA training planes will be produced
at military facilities near Ankara. Yet another deal being considered
involves cooperation with Israel for the production of computerized
research aircraft. /Hurriyet/
1.4) Vehbi Koc Department at Harvard University
On February 26, the first anniversary of the death of Vehbi Koc
the founder of the Koc Group, who played an important role in the
development of the Turkish economy and industry, the Vehbi Koc
Department for Turkish Studies was set up at Harvard University in
the US.
The department will carry out research on an international level
related to the historical, cultural, social and economic
development of Turkey and will be chaired by Prof. Dr. Cemal
Kafadar. In a speech on behalf of the Koc family, Rahmi Koc noted
that the department would contribute to the promotion of Turkey on
the international platform.
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#2) Book Announcement:
CAUCASUS and an unholy alliance
edited by Antero Leitzinger
ISBN 952-9752-16-4
Publisher: Kirja-Leitzinger (Leitzinger Books)
Print: Tummavuoren kirjapaino, Vantaa (Finland) 1997
The book "CAUCASUS and an unholy alliance" (348 pages in A5 size, with
soft covers) contains articles by both Caucasian statesmen and foreign
researchers on the history and politics of the four Caucasian states
(Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Chechenia). The articles are grouped
into four main groups, roughly 50 to 120 pages each:
1) articles on Armenia and Azerbaijan, tracing back the Karabakh conflict
to Russian provocations in earlier times;
2) articles on Georgia, focusing on the Abkhazian War and the destroying of
democracy by current president Shevardnadze;
3) articles on Chechenia, comparing the conquests in the 19th century and
the continuous fighting for freedom ever since with the Chechen War
1994-1996;
4) articles introducing the main players around the Caucasus: Russia, Iran,
Turkey and the West, with their vexed interests.
The main idea of the book is to provide information from different sources
leading to similar conclusions - by comparing what has happened in all
these countries during the last 10 years, and comparing contemporary
politics with 19th century history, the common denominators, now and then,
in Georgia as well as in Azerbaijan, may be more easily detected than if
concentrating on each issue separately. The similarities of Russia's 19th
century colonial policy and modern behaviour, as well as between certain
tragical incidents (a. o. the so-called "ethnic conflicts") in different
parts of the region can not be disregarded. What makes a difference between
the fates of let us say Armenia and Chechenia, is nothing but their different
level of resistance.
As the editor and several contributors are Finnish experts on Caucasian
affairs, certain analogies to the renaissance of traditional Russian
(imperial) policy in the 1930s are natural. The name of the book projects
the fear, that Russia and the West are once again committed into an unholy
alliance - this time together with Iranian-style Islamism - and have
abandoned the principles of justice and the right to self-determination of
Caucasian nations.
The book can be ordered for 30 USD plus mailing costs from the
publisher: Leitzinger Books, Keinutie 9 A 7, 00940 Helsinki, Finland;
fax +358-9-3421853; e-mail: zinger@clinet.fi - an advertisement can soon
be viewed at the internet site http://www.clinet.fi/~zinger/books.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
--PREFACE 8
--THE RUSSIAN PRESENCE IN CENTRAL ASIA by Antero Leitzinger 9 -14
--"KRISTALLNACHT" - RUSSIAN-STYLE by Antero Leitzinger 21 -31
--THE ARMENIAN DILEMMA by Antero Leitzinger 35 -46
--NEWLY INDEPENDENT AZERBAIJAN: EVER-PRESENT GUNSMOKE AND THE KREMLIN^ÒS
LONG ARM by Charles van der Leeuw 47 -68
--INDEPENDENCE: SECOND ATTEMPT by Abulfaz Elchibey 69 -86
GEORGIA - A VICTIM OF THE FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION by Aila Niinimaa-Keppo
87 - 106
--REPORT On the condition of subethnical groups of Megrels and Svans as a
result of the 1992 criminal coup d'etat in Georgia and the war in
Abkhazia by Bessarion Gugushvili 91
--THE REVENGE OF THE NOMENCLATURE IN GEORGIA by Zviad Gamsakhurdia ...109 -122
--ZVIAD GAMSAKHURDIA AND THE TREACHEROUS WORLD by Heikki Eskelinen....123 -130
--EYE-WITNESS REPORT FROM GEORGIA: A SNAPSHOT OF A REGIME BASED ON TERROR,
AND HOW IT OPERATES by Aila Niinimaa-Keppo 131 - 146
--REPORT ON A TRIP TO SHEVARDNADZE^S GEORGIA ON 13-16 SEPTEMBER 1993 by
Soili Nysten-Haarala 147 -154
--DAWN OF AN OLD ORDER by Mark Almond 155 -160
--ANTI-FEMINIST TERROR CAMPAIGN IN SHEVARDNADZE'S GEORGIA by Manana
Archvadze-Gamsakhurdia 161 -164
--REPORT ON A FACT-FINDING MISSION by the Dutch information centre of the
Republic of Georgia 165 -174
--GEORGIA SYSTEMATICALLY VIOLATES BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS by IHF and Caucasia
175 -176
--CHECHENIA AND THE CHECHENS by Antero Leitzinger 177 -224
--WHO WAS JOKHAR DUDAYEV? by Aki Pulli 225
--THE SLAVE WHO ACCEPTS HIS SLAVERY DESERVES DOUBLE THE SLAVERY
by Jokhar Dudayev 227
--ICHKERIA - THE FINAL FIGHT FOR FREEDOM by Antero Leitzinger 235 -295
-- RUSSIA IN THE TRANSCAUCASUS -OR DEMOCRACY IN THE STATE OF EMERGENCY
by Hikmet Hadjy-Zadeh 297 -314
--THE IMPACT OF THE IRANIAN STRATEGIC THREAT AND NUCLEAR PROGRAM ON THE
REGION by Gerald M. Steinberg and Lea Rappaport 315 -324
---TURKEY'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CAUCASUS by Mehmet Tutuncu 25 -336
--THE DEATH OF DUDAYEV - A SMALL NATION'S DEFENCE STATEMENT
by Klaus Susiluoto 337 - 346
--DOES RUSSIA EVER CHANGE? by Antero Leitzinger 347
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#3
RFE/RL News and More : Yanki Puersuen
3.0) Compuserve Access Phone Number in Tashkent: 49 03 56
------------------------
3.0.1) from KAZAKLIST:
My name is Phil Elkins, I direct a program for training people who are
moving to other countries. This summer, 10 people in our program are moving
to Kazhakistan. They want to begin to learn to speak Kazak and I am looking
for people in the Los Angeles area who are Kazak speakers. If you know how
I can contact anyone in Los Angeles who is a native Kazak speaker I would be
most grateful. We would be happy to pay them for their language assistance.
Phillip Elkins
818-797-7903
philelkins@aol.com
-------------------------------------------
3.0.2 FROM KAZAKLIST
[from a Kazak student. Please email <Turkistan-N@turkistan.org> if you can
be of any help for this student.]
I am asking your assistance on the following matter. Last week, I learned
that my grandmother had died in Almaty. I was not prepared for such a piece
of news at all. I missed her funerals but am still attempting to get there
for the 40th day (azhemning qyryqyna). Right now, I am in the process of
raising funds for the ticket. If any of the members knows an American(s) who
is(are) travelling to Kazakstan sometime soon (June?) and needs an
interpreter, I am willing to provide translating/interpreting services in
Almaty for one month free of charge in exchange for a round-trip ticket: San
Francisco - Almaty - San Francisco (I think, it is fair). I am an
experienced translator/interpreter and got only high reviews for the
interpreting/translating job I had done in the past. I would like to stress
the point that I am not looking for anything long-term as I am expecting to
hear from a prospective job sometime in July. I hope to hear from somebody
soon! Thanks in advance!
3.1) BOOKS IN LATIN ALPHABET FOR TURKMEN SCHOOLS.
The first shipment of schoolbooks printed in the Latin rather than Cyrillic
alphabet will soon arrive in Turkmenistan, ITAR-TASS reported on 28 May.
The 3 million books are being printed in Turkey and are to be delivered in
time for the beginning of the next school year.
RFE/RL Newsline 28May97
------------------------------------------
3.2) Bashkortostan wants Cooperation
The Ural Republic Bashkortostan wants to modernize its industry and has
opened a representation for Germany. It will help bringing interested
partners together and further strengthen relations with Germany. Address:
Deutschland-Repräsentanz - Finkenweg 5 - 93128 Regenstauf - Tel.
+49-9402-8976 Fax +49-9402-7535
Both Bashkortostan and Germany have long lasting relations as a brothership
exists between the cities of Ufa and Halle in Sachsen-Anhalt since a long
time.
3.3)
WORLD BANK GRANTS LOANS TO TURKMENISTAN. Turkmenistan is to receive World Bank
loans totaling $64.5 million to develop transportation systems in Ashgabat,
Mary, and Chardjoi, according to a 29 May ITAR-TASS report. Some of the money
will be used for improving water supplies in the Dashkhowuz region, which is
suffering from the effects of the shrinking Aral Sea.
3.4) Azerbaycanda ozellestirme atagi
Azerbaycanda 10 bine yakin kucuk olcekli isletmenin ozellestirildigi, orta
ve buyuk olcekli 456 devlet kurulusunun da anonim sirkete donusturulmesi
karari alindigi bildirildi. Orta ve buyuk olcekli isletmelerin
ozellestirilmesi kapsaminda ihalelerin, acik artirma yoluyla 1 Hazirana
kadar gerceklestirilecegi aciklandi. Bu arada, ozellestirme ceklerinin halka
dagitiminin da yuzde 70 oraninda tamamlandigi kaydedildi. Dagitimina
baslandigi sirada bir payin 800-1000 dolar degerine ulasacagi one
surulmesine karsin, 80-100 dolardan alici bulabilen ceklerin, son gunlerde
30 dolara kadar dustugu belirtildi.
DUNYA 16 Mayis 1997
----------------------------------------------------
3.5)
I'm working in J-S Commercial Bank Turkmenistan (TurkmenBank)
Please do not hesitate to contact me. Now we provide E-mail service in
Turkmenistan.
dimkas@turbank.ashgabad.su
Dmitry Kolomytsev
------------------------------------------------
3.6)
Uzbekistan Airways ordered an third A310. The PW4000-powered jet will be
delivered May 98. The airline currently operates two B767-300 and two
A310-300 it was leasing beside some russian equipment.
-----------------------------------------------
3.7)
Check out the: Uzbek Embassy in Bonn
http://home.t-online.de/home/uzb-emb/usb.htm
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#4
BEIJING (AP) - China has executed eight people convicted of blowing up three
buses during a burst of unrest and separatist violence in the predominantly
Muslim region of Xinjiang.
The eight were executed Thursday morning in the regional capital of Urumqi,
the state-run Xinhua News Agency reported late Thursday. Executions in China
are usually carried out by a gunshot to the head.
Xinhua identified only two of those executed, Mahmut Abdurahman and Jilil
Bilali. Their names suggested they were Uighurs, Turkic-speaking Muslims who
account for two-thirds of the 16.6 million people in Xinjiang in northwestern
China.
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#5 Black Sea Fleet and Crimean Tatars
RFE/RL NEWSLINE
Vol. 1, No. 41, Part II, 29 May1997
UKRAINE, RUSSIA SIGN AGREEMENTS ON BLACK SEA FLEET. Russian Prime
Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his Ukrainian counterpart, Pavlo Lazarenko,
signed on 28 May agreements on the division of the former Soviet Black Sea
Fleet and the conditions for stationing the Russian part on Ukrainian
territory, ITAR-TASS reported. Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma attended
the signing ceremony in Kyiv. Chernomyrdin told reporters later that
Ukraine had agreed to allow Russia to keep its share of the fleet at
Sevastopol for the next 20 years. During that period, Ukraine will lease
port facilities to Russia. He said the documents also addressed the
technical and financial aspects of the stationing of the Russian and
Ukrainian parts of the fleet on the Crimean peninsula. In addition,
Chernomyrdin and Lazarenko signed agreements on long-term economic and
technical cooperation. Russian President Boris Yeltsin is scheduled to
visit Kyiv on 30-31 May to sign a wide-ranging political treaty with Ukraine.
RFE/RL NEWSLINE
Vol 1, No. 42, Part I, 30 May 1997
MIXED RUSSIAN REACTION TO BLACK SEA FLEET DEAL. Russian Deputy
Foreign Minister Boris Pastukhov says Russia will not lose out financially
from the Black Sea Fleet agreements reached with Ukraine, Russian news
agencies reported on 29 May. Under the deal, Russia will compensate Ukraine
for about $526 million worth of ships and will rent some port facilities in
Sevastopol for 20 years at just under $100 million per year. However, the
payments will be offset against Ukraine's $3 billion debt to Russia rather
than
paid in cash. Russia will also forgive $200 million of the Ukrainian debt in
exchange for the nuclear missiles removed from Ukraine in 1992. Communist
Party leader Gennadii Zyuganov said the deal was tantamount to the
"destruction of the Black Sea Fleet." Earlier this week, former fleet
commander Eduard
Baltin argued that the deal would allow Ukrainian ships to prevent Russia
from using its part of the divided fleet, Interfax reported.
RFE/RL NEWSLINE
Vol. 1, No. 42, Part II, 30 May1997
COMMANDER OF BLACK SEA FLEET ON RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN DEAL. Admiral
Viktor Kravchenko, the commander of Russia's Black Sea fleet, told Interfax
on 29 May that he is satisfied with agreements on the division of the former
Soviet Black Sea fleet concluded the previous day by Russia and Ukraine.
Kravchenko said both sides benefit from the compromise accord. According to
Kravchenko, the deal's key benefit for Russia is that "the Black Sea fleet is
kept and is based in Sevastopol" and that "finally, after more than five
years,
the issue has been clarified."
Comments:
It is highly interesting that Ukraine and Russia have finally agreed
on "sharing" Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet without giving the
indigenous people of the Crimea, the Crimean Tatars, even the
slightest consideration. It is admirable that issue has been resolved
peacefully, and Ukraine is being financially rewarded ($100.000,000
annually). It would have been even more admirable if both Ukraine and
Russia had considered the long sufferings of the Crimean Tatar people
who are actually the real owners of the Crimea which includes Akyar
(Sevastopol) and set aside 20 % of the annual rent for the return of
the Crimean Tatars from their Central Asian exile to their ancestral
homeland. President Kuchma of Ukraine and President Yeltsin of Russia, I am
sure, are quite aware of the plight of the Crimean Tatar people.
Ignoring the rights of the indigenous people will not resolve
anything. I will not be surprised if the Crimean Tatar National
Mejlis takes some action demanding their rights and their share.
This was a great opportunity for President Kuchma to prove how
sincere Ukraine is in her will to help Crimean Tatars, he still has
the opportunity to do so. Also, President Yeltsin who often uses the
famous Russian proverb " If someone is offended, he must be defended",
has the opportunity to implement what he preaches. President Yeltsin,
the entire Crimean Tatar nation was indeed,offended when they were
unjustly deported on May 18,1944 and they continue to be offended
even today. They therefore must be defended and returned to their
ancestral homeland.
M.B. Altan-
****************
Commentary by Idil Noyan-Izmirli on the recent developments on
Russian-Ukranian agreements on the Black Sea Fleet:
On May 28th, 1997 Russian Prime minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his Ukranian
counterpart, Pavlo Lazerenko signed on an agreement that allows Russia to
keep its share of the Black Sea Fleet at the Crimean port of Sevastopol for
the next 20 years. Later on May 30th, Yeltsin made his first trip to Ukraine
since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and declared that he and President
Kuchma will sign a formal friendship treaty that will help the peoples of
Ukraine and Russia to live in friendship, brotherhood, like brothers should.
Sound familiar? Does the old daily communist propoganda of the ex-Soviet
years ``druzba narodov'' on Radio Mayak ring a bell? Why are these
sudden ``brotherly feelings'' taking place now?
Actually, this friendship treaty was initiated two years ago, but Yeltsin
kept postponing his trip to Ukraine six times, angering and pushing the
Ukranian government toward closer cooperation with the West. Kiev already
initiated a partnership agreement with NATO, and now Yeltsin, having no hope
of winning Eastern and Central European countries back from the NATO's
expansion, is eagerly trying to secure the southern borders by agreeing to
end the dispute with Ukraine over the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet that is
based in Crimea. Lots of handshakes and smiles, words of comradeship, long
term economic and technical partnership are taking place in front of the TV
cameras just two days after Yeltsin promised that Russia's nuclear missiles
will no longer be aimed at NATO countries. This charade is taking place only
four days after Yeltsin and the authoritarian president of Belarus Lukashenko
(who never hides his Nabokovian nostalgia for the good old Communist union)
signed an ill defined union charter between Belarus and Russia. Under
pressure from Nationalist extremists at home mostly about the NATO expansion,
to cover up the corruption in every level of the Russian political and social
life, Yeltsin is shuffling, and reshuffling his ministers blaming everybody
who is anybody for the past and present mistakes, and trying to save his face
by guaranteeing the shared ownership of the Crimean peninsula with Ukraine
for the next 20 years.
What do all these agreements, and actions mean for the Crimean Tatars who are
the rightful owners of the peninsula? Neither Yeltsin, nor Kuchma, nor
Clinton, nor Solana are mentioning the Crimean Tatars and their future fate
in regards of the Crimean peninsula. It is already obvious that, neither
Russia nor Ukraine are going to give up the co-ownership of Crimea that
easily. It is time now for the Crimean Tatars of the diaspora to raise their
voices and alert the human right organizations, the general public, as well
as the United States, Russian, and the Ukranian goverments. If the Crimean
Tatars diaspora do not raise their collective voices, and don't start an
organized grassroots movement immediately about the liberation of the Crimean
peninsula, nobody else will.
One should remember the efforts of the grassroots movements of the Jewish
diaspora (especially the Jewish human right organizations like The Union of
Councils for the Soviet Jews, and HIAS/Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) that
ended up pressuring the communist USSR into softening her emigration policies
with regards to Soviet Jews. In addition to pressuring the former Soviet
Union, the Jewish diaspora succeeded in making the Jackson-Vanik ammendment
pass the US Congress in 1974. This ammendment made US-Soviet relations
contingent on the Soviets' treatment of their Jewish minority. This
ammendment remained in the books even after the Soviet Union collapsed in
1990. On September 30, 1996 President Clinton signed into law, continuing
Resolution (PL 104-208) that contains number of spending measures and other
items such as Foreign Operations Bill (H.R.3540) that includes ``the
Lautenberg Ammendment'', and renewed it for another year. This ammendment
named after a US senator (also a result of the efforts of the Jewish
diaspora) identifies categories of refugee applicants who have been victims
of persecution and injustice in their homelands. The law especially refers
to Jews, Evangelical Christians, and Ukranian Catholics from the former
Soviet Union, and certain South East Asians, as groups that have a history of
persecution, and directs the US Immigration and Naturalization Service to
take into consideration this experience when processing application for
refugee status for people from these groups.
How about the Crimean Tatars? They would also easily fit into the category
of having a history of persecution, and despair. None of these ammendments
even mention them, and today the majority of the world's population doesn't
even know that Crimean Tatars are a nation who were expelled from their
homeland under false pretences 53 years ago.
The Crimean Tatars can learn from the Jewish struggle, and if they -and no
one else will- try hard enough they also can bring about their nation's claim
to their homeland, the Crimean peninsula.
As the 20th century is drawing to a close, it would be a great shame if one
of the biggest human right violations that started on May 18, 1944 against
the Crimean Tatars continues into the 21st century, leaving the Crimean
Tatars still as the only nation in the world confined to live in diaspora.
<<>><<>><<>><<>><<><<<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>><<>>
************************************************
Mehmet Tutuncu
(SOTA) Research centre for Turkestan, Azerbaijan, Crimea, Caucasus and Siberia
P.o. box 9642
2003 LP Haarlem
The Netherlands
e-mail: <mtutuncu@turkiye.net> or <sota@euronet.nl>
Turkish World Home Page:<http://www.turkiye.net/sota/sota.html>
Crimean Tatars Home-Page: <http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html>
*******************************
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